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- First Vienna Award
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Negotiations were held between October 9 and October 13, in Komárno , on the Slovak northern bank of the Danube River , just on the border with Hungary. The Czechoslovak delegation was led by Jozef Tiso , the prime minister of the autonomous government, without any experience with similar negotiations, and it included Ferdinand Ďurčanský , Minister of Justice in the Slovak cabinet, and General Rudolf Viest.
The central government of Czechoslovakia was represented by Ivan Krno , Political Director of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who held rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Autonomous Carpathian Ruthenia was represented by Ivan Párkányi minister without portfolio.
The Czechoslovak Slovak and Ruthenian delegation was not completely prepared for lack of time. By contrast, the Hungarian delegation comprised experienced individuals [12] and was led by the Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya , and the Minister of Education, Pál Teleki. The Hungarian government welcomed the composition of Czechoslovak delegation and believed that it would be easier to influence inexperienced Slovak politicians by promises. The Hungarians further demanded a plebiscite in the remaining territory in which Slovaks and Ruthenians would declare whether they wanted to be incorporated into Hungary.
Hungary demanded territories up to and including a line defined by Devín Hungarian: Dévény , Bratislava Pozsony , Nitra Nyitra , Tlmače Garamtolmács , Levice Léva , Lučenec Losonc , Rimavská Sobota Rimaszombat , Jelšava Jolsva , Rožňava Rozsnyó , Košice Kassa , Trebišov Tőketerebes , Pavlovce nad Uhom Pálóc , Uzhhorod Slovak : Užhorod , Hungarian: Ungvár , Mukacheve Mukačevo , Munkács , and Vinogradiv Nagyszőlős. The territory was 14, km 2 with 12, km 2 in Slovakia and 1, km 2 in Carpathian Ruthenia.
First Vienna Award
It included 1,, citizens 1,, in Slovakia, , in Carpathian Ruthenia. According to the last census, , of them declared other than Hungarian nationality , in Slovakia, , in Carpathian Ruthenia in Hungary also requested the immediate takeover of two border towns from Czechoslovakia as a "goodwill gesture". The Czechoslovak delegation agreed on the railway town of Slovenské Nové Mesto until a suburb of the Hungarian town of Sátoraljaújhely and the town of Šahy Hungarian : Ipolyság.
Both were occupied by Hungary on October The main difference between the arguments of the two parties was that the Hungarians presented the census figures, as had Germany during the Munich Conference, but Czechoslovakia presented the latest figures and contested the validity of the census. Later, it also presented figures from Hungarian censuses before The census from was unacceptable for the Czechoslovak delegation because it represented the peak of Magyarization and differed from previous Hungarian and later Czechoslovak censuses as well as postwar censuses from other countries in which the Hungarian minority lived Austria, Romania and Yugoslavia.
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Tiso gave an example, as he was also counted as a Hungarian during that census. The Hungarians also did not agree on definition of "pure Hungarian" towns like Košice, as were understood by Hungarian delegates. The request for a plebiscite for Slovaks and Ruthenians about rejoining Hungary was refused as irrelevant, because the Munich Agreement did not address question of these two nations, the idea violated the sovereignty of Czechoslovakia and the Ruthenian delegate declared that the Ruthenian nation except communists had already expressed its will to live in Czechoslovakia in the past.
The Hungarian delegation refused several Czechoslovak proposals. The Czechoslovak delegation offered Hungary the creation of an autonomous Hungarian territory within Slovakia.
Since Hungary turned down that offer as well, on October 13, the Czechoslovak delegation proposed another solution. The goal of the Czechoslovak proposal was to the create borders with balanced minorities in both states including Slovaks in Békés County. Pál Teleki refused the proposal without a deeper study [23] as a "humourous border" and that Hungarian delegation "analysed the map only to be polite". Although the Czechoslovak delegation declared that it was open for further discussion about its proposal and offered consultation with their experts, the Hungarian delegation refused further discussion.
As the United Kingdom and France had decided not to make any decision, the adjudicators became German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano. On October 13, the day the negotiations deadlocked, Hungary conducted a partial mobilisation.
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Czechoslovakia performed actions to strengthen its security and declared martial law in the frontier region. The Axis powers took the initiative in favour of Hungary to realise their own plans in the region.
Hungary sent delegations to both Italy and Germany. Count Csáky went to Rome. Kálmán Darányi went to Germany and told Hitler that Hungary was ready to fight and "[would] not accept the behavior of the Slovaks". Germany refused to take steps to strengthen Hungary. He refused the idea of a common conference of the four signers of the Munich Agreement, the demands for plebiscite in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia and the Hungarian claims for Bratislava.
He proposed that Germany would act as a mediator. Ribbentrop and Darányi agreed on a map which would be offered to Czechoslovakia "Ribbentrop line". The line later became source of misunderstanding between Hungary and Germany. According to Darányi, Ribbentrop did not accept his requests because several important towns remained on the Czechoslovak side [29] Bratislava , Nitra , Uzhorod and Mukachevo ; the question of Košice was open [28].
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Germany rejected the accusations and declared that Ribbentrop line was created after consulting Darányi and with his agreement. When the Hungarian government insisted, Ribbentrop announced that German mediation had ended. At the same time as Darányi, Czechoslovak Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský also visited Germany to negotiate with German representatives. Hitler blamed Czechoslovakia for the failure of negotiations with Hungary and requested their renewal.
He gave Chvalkovský a map with the Ribbentrop line and promised to guarantee new borders, based on that proposal. Back in Prague, Chvalkovský recommended to accept the Ribbentrop line. However, the Slovak autonomous government was against such a solution and hoped that it would be possible to achieve further corrections. On October 19, Tiso and Ďurčanský met with Ribbentrop in Munich and managed to persuade him to assign Košice to Czechoslovakia and to accept the prior proposal of keeping balanced minorities both in Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Tiso sent a letter to Prague to notify about positive results. A few days later, Ribbentrop revealed himself to be quite hostile to the Hungarians.
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As Ciano saw it, "The truth is that he intends to protect Czechoslovakia as far as he can and sacrifice the ambitions, even the legitimate ambitions, of Hungary". After October 17, activities around Subcarpathian Rus' intensified. Poland proposed a partition of Subcarpathian Rus' among Hungary, Poland and Romania. Romania, a staunch ally of Czechoslovakia against Hungary, refused the proposal and even offered military support for Czechoslovakia in Subcarpathia.
Hungary, in turn, attempted to persuade the Subcarpathian Rus' representatives to become part of Hungary. A common Polish-Hungarian border, which would arise by a Hungarian annexation of Subcarpathian Rus', had been a longtime dream of both Poland and Hungary, [ citation needed ] Poland was moving troops toward that frontier for support.
However, since a common Polish-Hungarian frontier would mean a flanking of Germany, Germany was willing to face such a frontier only if Poland made compensation by giving up the Danzig corridor to East Prussia. On October 20, the Rusyns produced a resolution more or less in favour of a plebiscite concerning the entirety of Subcarpathian Rus' becoming part of Hungary.
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He was willing to consider the cession only of ethnically-Hungarian territories to Hungary and rejected the idea of a plebiscite. Negotiations between Czechoslovakia and Hungary resumed via diplomatic channels. Czechoslovakia adopted the "Ribbentrop line" in the hope that it would receive a guarantee of new borders from the side of Axis powers and proposed it officially on October Czechoslovakia offered to cede Hungary territory with , Hungarians and , Slovaks.
Hungary demanded for the territories offered by Czechoslovakia to be immediately occupied by Hungary, for there be a plebiscite in the disputed territory and for Subcarpathia to "decide its own future". For Czechoslovakia, it was unacceptable to cede territories immediately that were not subject of discussion and to resolve the question of the remaining parts later.
By accepting the proposal, Czechoslovak boundary fortifications would stay on the Hungarian side, and the Hungarian army could invade more Czechoslovak territory. Then, Czechoslovakia would have no choice but to accept Hungarian demands or to agree with arbitration. That decision was forced also by fact that France and Britain had lost interest on Czechoslovakia and considered the region to be in the German sphere of influence.
The Slovak autonomous government also accepted the idea of arbitration with unrealistic expectations, based on assurances of Ribbentrop. Although the Hungarian government demanded arbitration, it did not have the prior approval of Germany. Germany insisted on its negative opinion and argued of Hitler's disagreement, Ribbentrop's disappointment with previous negotiations with Darányi and the danger of military conflict in the case if one part does not accept results. During Ribbentrop's visit to Rome October 27—30, Ciano persuaded Ribbentrop about the importance of arbitration for the future position of Axis powers in the region and Ribbentrop promised to persuade Hitler.
Ciano, who had been briefed by Hungarian experts, was in a better position than the less-informed Ribbentrop and achieved several important concessions. On October 29, , Czechoslovakia and Hungary officially asked Germany and Italy to arbitrate and declared in advance that they would abide by the results. The award was made in Vienna by the foreign ministers of Germany Joachim von Ribbentrop and Italy Galeazzo Ciano. The Hungarian delegation was led by Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya , accompanied by Minister of Education Pál Teleki.
The Czechoslovak delegation was led by Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský and Ivan Krno. Important members of the Czechoslovak delegation included representatives of Subcarpathian Rus' Prime Minister Avgustyn Voloshyn and of Slovakia Prime Minister Jozef Tiso and Minister of Justice Ferdinand Ďurčanský. Hermann Göring was also present. The arbitration began in the Belvedere Palace, in Vienna, at noon on November 2, The Czechoslovak and the Hungarian delegations were allowed to present their arguments.
Chvalkovský was brief and left the task of presenting the Czechoslovak case to Krno.
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Despite explicit demands by Czechoslovak representatives, both arbiters refused to let Slovak Prime Minister Tiso and Subcarpathian Prime Minister Voloshyn participate. Ribbentrop and Ciano reasoned that only the representatives of the central governments could participate Czechoslovakia, rather than the partially-autonomous Slovakia or Carpatho-Ruthenia. When the award was announced by Ribbentrop around 7 p. Czechoslovakia had to surrender the territories in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Ruthenia south of the line and including the towns of Senec Szenc , Galanta Galánta , Vráble Verebély , Levice Léva , Lučenec Losonc , Rimavská Sobota Rimaszombat , Jelšava Jolsva , Rožnava Rozsnyó , Košice Kassa , Michaľany Szentmihályfalva , Veľké Kapušany Nagykapos , Uzhhorod Ungvár , and Mukachevo Munkács — to the border with Romania.
Considering the average population growth since the last census, it is possible to estimate the total size of population at the time of the arbitration at , people, , of whom were Slovaks and Czechs [39] Czechoslovakia lost also additional territory in Carpathian Ruthenia. Slovaks in the redeemed territory joined the existing Slovak minority in Hungary, but only about 60, Hungarians [42] remained in the Slovak State.
The new border did not respect the principle of ethnic borders requested by Hungary as a "correction of injustices of Treaty of Trianon " or the Hungarian census of The most obvious violations of the ethnic principle occurred in areas around Nové Zámky — Vráble — Hurbanovo , the area around Jelšava and the area around Košice. Czechoslovakia lost the direct railway connection to Carpathian Ruthenia and to allied Romania. Tiso took the result personally, especially because he had failed to arrange the evacuation of Košice. The ceded territories were occupied by the Royal Hungarian Army Magyar Királyi Honvédség between November 5 and 10, On November 11, Horthy solemnly entered the main town, Košice Kassa.
The recovered Upper Hungary territories were incorporated into Hungary on November 12, by an act of the Hungarian Parliament. Following the ancient counties of the Kingdom of Hungary , the occupied territory was divided into two new counties with seats in Nové Zámky and Levice, and some lands became part of other Hungarian counties.
The First Vienna Award led to worsening anti-Hungarian sentiments in Slovakia. Shortly after the award had been announced, János Esterházy , a leader of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia, proposed for Hungary to return to Slovakia km 2 of the territory that Hungary had received, predominantly Slovak lands between Šurany Nagysurány and Palárikovo Tótmegyer , to ensure long-term peaceful co-existence between the two nations.
His proposal was not accepted by the Hungarian government. Anti-Hungarian demonstrations were held on each anniversary of the award in which anti-Hungarian slogans were shouted and Hungarian houses or cultural institutions were damaged. On the third anniversary, a mob furious because of the shooting of Slovaks by Hungarian police in Komjatice destroyed the Hungarian Cultural House.